NISHIO, Takashi
La fonction publique - a l'interface entre pouvoirs publics et gouvernés - Paris : IIAP, janv./mars 1995
The post-war reforms of the civil service have changes their members from holders of authority to servants "of the entire nation". The Higher Authority of the Civil Service (HACS) got a twofold mission of rationalisation and democratisation of the empire's civil service system. In practice the HACS has mainly privileged rationalisation, which was leading to independence. The objective of democratisation, making civil servants "servants of the entire nation", has not been realised; furthermore, the system of HACS recomendations is undergoing a crisis since the beginning of the eighties. The activities of local authorities have increased more than ever, leading to disparities between local officials. On the whole, the latter are becoming more open to society than the officials of ministerial departments
La fonction publique - a l'interface entre pouvoirs publics et gouvernés - Paris : IIAP, janv./mars 1995
The post-war reforms of the civil service have changes their members from holders of authority to servants "of the entire nation". The Higher Authority of the Civil Service (HACS) got a twofold mission of rationalisation and democratisation of the empire's civil service system. In practice the HACS has mainly privileged rationalisation, which was leading to independence. The objective of democratisation, making civil servants "servants of the entire nation", has not been realised; furthermore, the system of HACS recomendations is undergoing a crisis since the beginning of the eighties. The activities of local authorities have increased more than ever, leading to disparities between local officials. On the whole, the latter are becoming more open to society than the officials of ministerial departments
