1 CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION 1.1 Open government data and civil servant attitudes towards data opening 1.2 Serious games for attitude change 1.3 Research objective 1.4 Design Science Research methodology 1.5 Thesis Outline 2 CHAPTER 2 – RESEARCH APPROACH: DESIGN SCIENCE AND QUASI-EXPERIMENT 2.1 Design science research 2.2 Research questions 2.3 Research instruments and methods 2.3.1 Systematic literature review and requirements elicitation 2.3.2 Iterative design cycles and pilot-testing 2.3.3 Quasi-experiment and evaluation 2.4 Scientific contributions 2.5 Summarizing 3 CHAPTER 3 – LITERATURE REVIEW: OPEN DATA AND GAMES 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Background: behavioral barriers preventing civil servants from opening data 3.3 Systematic literature review on the factors influencing civil servants’ OGD support 3.4 Systematic literature reviews on serious games for civil servants, open data, and attitude change 3.5 Synthesis 4 CHAPTER 4 – DESIGNING AND EVALUATING GAME PROTOTYPES 4.1 Game objectives and initial requirements 4.2 Teaching and learning from practice: Game design prototypes 4.3 Inputs from prototypes to the final game 4.4 WINNING DATA: final game version 4.5 Conclusion 5 CHAPTER 5 - SURVEY DESIGN AND DATA COLLECTION 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Survey design 5.3 Operationalizing the factors into a questionnaire 5.4 Repeated-measure questionnaire items 5.5 Conclusion 6 CHAPTER 6 – TESTING CIVIL SERVANTS’ ATTITUDE CHANGE TOWARDS OPEN DATA RESULTING FROM THE GAME 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Data collection 6.3 Hypothesis formulation 6.4 Hypothesis testing 6.5 Behavioral intention (Hypothesis 1: Behavioral intention increases after playing the game) 6.6 Discussion 6.7 Conclusion 7 CHAPTER 7 – EPILOGUE 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Revisiting the research questions 7.3 Research contributions 7.4 Research limitations 7.5 Future interdisciplinary research 7.6 The end

Data is needed for a government to function, and civil servants generate data that can be opened. However, this data is not always publicly available. Governments open their data to meet societal needs to increase transparency, accountability, stimulate participation and innovation. The opening of governmental data can be seen as a source of uncertainty for public servants, or it can even be legally prohibited, depending on how the regulation is interpreted. For instance, open data might be experienced as a burden or not easy to practice, whereas the opening might create societal relevance. This research focuses on overcoming behavioral barriers for civil servants to manage data release at the individual level by using a serious game. Open data relates to any data produced by any device or person, which is publicly shared for free or at a minimal cost, and that can be accessed by anyone. These behavioral barriers for civil servants influence governments’ decisions to make data available to the public. Behavioral barriers are the impediments for governments to release open data which originates from human behaviors. The literature suggests that behaviors are difficult to measure, and therefore, we focus on attitudes, which are measurable through declared perception. Attitude refers to a set of beliefs and feelings which is a common predictor of behavior. In this research, we use governmental civil servants’ behavioral intention to support open data to measure attitudes and the change in behavior intentions of civil servants as a proxy to analyze attitude change.