I. Introduction. - 1. The Purpose of the Study. - 2. The Shape of the Study. - II. Prices, and roads as public goods. - 1. Costs and Decisions - 2. The Functions of Prices - 3. Roads as Pure Public Goods - III. Cost, pricing, and investment. - 1. A Standard Road Model: Costs, Capacity, Congestion - 2. "Divisible" Roads and Perfect Divisibility - 3. Indivisibility and Joint-Products - 4. Multiple Discontinuities, Urban Deficits, and Stage
Construction. - 5. The Consumer Surplus Criterion and Its Limitations - 6. Concepts of Cost and Their Difficulties. - IV. Covering the costs. - 1. Introduction - 2. Optimum Charges and "Covering the Costs". - 3. Balancing the Road Budget and the Railways. - 4. User Charges in a Monopolistic Environment. - 5. User Charges, Location of Economic Activity, and
"Full Costs". - 6. Political and Administrative Reasons for Covering the
Costs. - 7. Definitions of User Charges, Taxes, and Subsidies. - 8. Definitions of "Costs" of the Road System. - V. Benefits and taxes on an uncongested road. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The Basic Ellet Model. - 3. Variants of the Basic Model. - 4. Benefits of the Road Improvement. - 5. Taxes, Traffic, and Benefits. - 6. Further Variants of the Basic Model. - VI. Evidence on costs, congestion and elasticities. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Variable Maintenance Costs. - 3. Vehicle Operating Costs-Congestion Costs. - 4. Congestion Costs in Towns-Some Generalizations. - 5. The Total Cost Structure of Roads. - 6. Discontinuities and Stage Construction. - 7. Relative Ton-mile Costs and the Development Triangle. - VII. User charges and taxes in practice. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Classification of Traffic and Road Taxes. - 3. User Charges for Variable Maintenance Costs. - 4. Congestion Levies. - 5. Administration, Incidence, and Side Effects of User Charges. - 6. A Review of the User Charge Proposals. - VIII. User charges, budgetary control and equity. - 1. The Road Budget-a Calculation. - 2. Controls, Rules, and Discretion. - 3. Equity-the Beneficiaries and the Losers. - 4. Macroeconomic Problems-the Shortage of Capital,
Balance of Payments, and Inflation.