Comparison in the study of public administration Significance of comparison Problems of comparison Postwar evolution of comparative studies The heyday of the comparative administration movement Retrenchment and reappraisal Prospects and options A focus for comparison Bureaucracy as a fcus Concepts of bureaucracy The prevalence of public bureaucracy Organizational patterns for administration The ecology of administration Models of administrative systems Concepts of system transformation Modernization Development Historical antecedents of national administrative systems Organizing concepts for historical interpretation Ancient world origins Imperial rome and byzantium Rise of european absolutist monarchies Emergence of the nation state Administration in the developed nations: general characteristics and classic administrative systems Shared political and administrative characteristics Classic administrative systems - France and Germany Administration in the developed nations: some variations in administrative systems Administration in "the civic culture" - great Britain and the United States Modernizing administration - Japan Administration under communism - the USSR Administration in the developing nations The ideology of development Movement from competitive party systems Military intervention and control Political regime variations Common administrative patterns Bureaucratic - prominent political regimes Traditional - autocratic systems Strongman military systems Collegial military systems Bureaucratic elite systems replacing a traditional elite Bureaucratic elite systems sucessor to a colonial tradition Bureaucratic elite systems with corporate - technocratic orientation Party - prominent political regimes Polyarchal competitive systems Dominant - party semicompetitive systems Dominant - party mobilization systems Communist totalitarian systems An overview of bureaucracies and political systems Political ends and administrative means Bureaucracies - usurpative or instrumental? Relating bureaucratic and political development External inducement of balanced development Testing the imbalance thesis The significance of system variation A concluding comment