HEINMILLER, B. Timothy <br/><br/>
Harmonization through emulation :  canadian federalism and water export policy 

 - Toronto :  IPAC,  Winter 2003 
<br/><br/> This article explores the challenges of policy harmonization in a decentralized federal polity through a study of Canadian efforts to develop nationwide water export regulations over the past fifteen years.  The Canadian experience in water export policy illustrates three different policy harmonization processes and suggests some of the effects that international free trade agreements have had on economic and environmental regulation in Canada.  Prior to the introduction of free trade, the federal government attempted to deal with water exports through the imposition of uniform national standards.  After free trade, however, harmonization efforts became more decentralized as federal power over export controls diminished but provincial powers over water-taking remained untouched.  Despite an effort towards harmonization through policy interface standardization in the 1999 Water Accord, successful harmonization did not occur as a result of intergovernmental cooperation.  Instead, harmonization was eventually achieved through an extensive process of policy emulation, a phenomenon that has received relatively little attention in the literature on federalism and public policy, to this point