WESTHOLM, Anders  <br/><br/>
Distance versus direction :  the illusory defeat of the proximity theory of electoral choice 

 - New York, NY :  Cambridge University Press,  December 1997 
<br/><br/> In an extensive series of articles, two of which were published in the Review, George Rabinowitz, Stuart Elaine Macdonald, and Ola Listhaug have launched a new spatial theory of electoral choice.(1) The new theory is presented as a direct alternative to the classical spatial model introduced by Downs (1957), on the basis of earlier work by Hotelling (1929).(2) Both models try to account for the same phenomenon (electoral choice) on the basis of the same information (the issue stands of voters and parties) but conceptualize the independent variable and, by implication, its effect in different ways.