VAN OORSCHOT, Win <br/><br/>
Welfare state effects on social capital and informal solidarity in the European Union :  evidence from the 1999/2000 european values study 

 - Bristol :  The Policy Press,  January 2005 
<br/><br/> This article tests whether state-organised solidarity substitutes social capital and informal solidarity, based on recent data from the European Values Study. At country level, we find that welfare spending has a reinforcing effect on social capital and a negative substitution effect on informal solidarity. At the individual level, there is also evidence for a substitution effect, since informal solidarity is lower among people who live in countries that spend more on social protection. In addition, there is evidence of a 'national burden' effect, since informal solidarity is lower among people who live in countries with an older population, with higher unemployment, and with a higher percentage of immigrants