KICKERT, Walter J. M. <br/><br/>
Steering at a distance :  a new paradigm of public governance in dutch higher education 

 - Malden :  Wiley-Blackwell,  January 1995 
<br/><br/> In the 1980s a new concept of government steering was developed at the Dutch ministry of Education and Sciences, called "steering at a distance." It is a departure from "classical" government steering by means of legislation, prohibitions and regulations and a move towards more autonomy and self-responsibility for institutions of higher education. This new paradigm of public governance in Dutch higher education represents a drastic change both in a practical sense — the new steering concept has actually been carried out and implemented resulting in major institutional, legal, financial and planning changes — and in the scientific sense. The new concept departs from hierarchical, direct top-down control. Government is only one of the influencing actors in a complex network of many interrelated, more or less autonomous actors. The new concept contributes to the scientific body of knowledge on steering in complex interorganizational networks.