SELDEN, Coleman <br/><br/>
Measuring power and presence :  bureaucratic representation in the American States 

 -  2001 
<br/><br/> This article introduces a new measure of bureaucratic repreentaton that provides a more complete view of a demographic group`s potential to be effectively represented by its members in a bureacracy. It doe so by combining information about a group`s overall presence in the bureaucracy (penetration) with information that reflects its distribution over the hierarchy (satisfaction). Specifically, we focus on how groups are distributed in the regular (i.e., career) bureaucratic hierarchies of American state governments. By comparing our measure to the most frequently uses measure of representation ( the penetration ration), we demonstrate that it sucessfully captures both presence and stratification information, and thereby it offers an imploved tool for analyzing representation in bureacraty hierarchies