Comparison of public and private practices Governance and transparency Definitions and distinctions Expenditure management Control framework Management process Expenditure controls Toward the SEEE paradigm Institutional aspects of public expenditure management Typologies and their viability Systems groups Other approaches Current practices Modular presentation of features Managing fiscal stress What is fiscal stress? Corporate practices during stress Issues and approaches Legal powers Macroeconomic linkages Forward expenditure planning Global targets Uncertainty Budget formulation Expenditure reviews Efforts at restraint Efforts at restraint Personnel restraint Across-the-board cuts Specific sectoral cuts Maintaining policy targets Assessment Removal of drawbacks Compliance Central and spending agencies Traditional organizational techniques Principal-agent relationship Improved organizational design: role of financial management initiative(FMI) Overall organizational development(OOD) An assessment Structural adjustment: a muultifaceted phenomenon Perspective on developing countries'experience Managing change Progress in implementation Constraints of institutional reform Institutional and systemic adjustment to market Design of institution Expenditure control framework Central bank Legislative institutions Managing transition Institutional implications of regional obligations Coordination, cooperation, and harmonization Coordinating expenditure policies in GCC states Implications and requirements of expenditure policy coordination Experience of WAMU European community (EC) countries Lending programs, guarantees, and quasi-fiscal operations Nature and extend of government lending Policy approaches Budgeting approaches Selected issues Guarantees Quasi-fiscal accounts Servicing public debt: management aspects Public debt budgeting Systemic features Budget estimate formulation Estimates and outcomes Problem areas Debt management: internal accounting and controls Procurement, contracting out, and expenditure management Procurement cycle Contract management Issues Performance measurement and evaluation Previous trends Efficiency measurement Efficiency measurement techniques Performance indicators Issues in applying performance indicators Evaluation Nature of evaluation Design of evaluation Other aspects Appendix I: expenditure management process: modular presentation Appendix II: government accounting: recent developments and future directions